European History - Free Essay Example

In response to Russian Empire’s and Austria-Hungary’s declaration of war against each other after the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand of Austria, Germany declared war on Russia on August 1, 1914. Three days later, the German Reichstag declared Burgfrieden or â€Å"civil peace† which declared for people to set aside their conflicts aside and unite to defend the country. Most Germans expecting a rapid victory, enthusiastically supported the war. Their views, however, shifted from ebullience to one of detest. Opinions toward war all varied to each person. Some supported the war through the end, while some changed their view and wanted the war to end. In another perspective, some saw the war as an economic opportunity. Wars were series of repetitious events that occurred throughout the history of mankind. No matter how horrid they were, however, they brought a sense of unity among the people who were forced to unite to defend their home. When the declaration o f war had been made on August 1, 1914, the German Emperor Wilhelm II used words of eloquence to appeal to the citizens’ emotions to unite them together â€Å"like brothers† (Doc 1) in order to gain their support for the war. Much enthusiasm followed after his speech as depicted in the photograph (Doc. 2). Most people waved their hats, shouting words of praise to the emperor. Women felt gratefulness during the war in the beginning. They found it as an opportunity to expand the rights of a woman. They thought that with the victory of the war, they would become more equal to men. This idea was voiced in the editorial of the women’s rights advocate. (Doc. 4) Oskar Schmitz, and author, indirectly approved of the war by asserting that since Germany was united and strong, other countries such as England could not hope to defeat them (Doc. ). Although some supported for the war with no question, some grudgingly supported in fear of retribution and in hopes of gaining recognition. According to a Social Democratic Party newspaper, the democratic parties would have been â€Å"destroyed and crushed,† had they not voted to finance the war. Their agreement to finance the war was a gamble to secure their position in the government. (Doc. 3) No matter what their reasons to support the war, they followed the terms of the â€Å"civil peace† in the beginning. As the time progressed on, people began to realize the dragging war hurt hem more than benefit them. It was nothing new to those who realized the cost of the war in the beginning as S. Jobs, a columnist, noted. Among the rush of enthusiasm among the Berlin population, there were â€Å"a quiet, serious, even shaken group of people. † (Doc. 5) Both solemn and enthusiastic attitudes grew into frustration. A military administrator of a rural province reported to his superiors, which was formal and accurate, that one woman voiced her displeasure and refused to work for the government stating, â€Å"I can’t take it any more. (Doc 9) Evelyn Blucher von Wahlstatt accounted in her diary—which was unbiased because of the private information in the diary—that she heard the complaints of women in the streets. Those women were starving and lost their husbands in the war; loss of their husband also meant the loss of income to support the family. (Doc 8) Those who had enough of the war formed a radical labor party. They made a list of demands to the government to end the war and to ease the burden of their economic problems according to a police report in Berlin. While the majority of the citizens of Germany bickered amongst themselves if they should continue to support the war, those of rich and powerful took an advantage of the war for economic benefits. They coaxed the citizens that workers had the power to influence the outcome of the war by working harder and by trying to sound patriotic. One of those who used that excuse was General Wilhelm Groener, who was the Army Chief of Staff, proclaiming to the workers to â€Å"work and more work until the victorious end of the war. † A german soldier showed his abhorrence toward these opportunists in the National Liberal Party paper. He said, â€Å"The blood rises to our heads when we imagine that, behind the front, turncoats are exploiting our inhuman sacrifices to fill their sacks with gold, and that they are enriching themselves at the expense of our women and children. † (Doc. 7) Once again a wife of a farmer in Doc. 9 declared to the military administrator that she was not going â€Å"to slave away† for the Berliners, implying that those Berliners only took an advantage of the war for their gain. The cartoon in Doc. 12 also indicates people’s distaste for the opportunists. The two fat figures indicate the wealthy that came from the cities (as depicted in the background). The fatness could represent all the gains those men have gotten from t he lower middle class. The lower middleclass is represented by a thin, malnourished man whose resources were â€Å"sucked away† by those wealthy people. The â€Å"civil peace† was to attract the supports for the war. It was successful in the beginning but as the time passed, its policy failed as people resented it. At the end, everyone was dissatisfied with their defeat in the war and the harsh terms that came as the consequences.

Misunderstood Minds - 686 Words

One in five American students has a learning disability this is according to the documentary â€Å"Misunderstood Minds’’ produced by WGBH. Children with learning disabilities are more likely to become outcasts in school and in society. The documentary follows five families dealing with a differently abled child; Nathan V, Lauren, Sarah Lee, Adam, and Nathan S. The film focuses on difficulties the families go through, professionalism or lack of it by school officials and demystification. Every parent wants the best for their child, after all a child is a person’s most precious possession. For this very reason having a child with a learning disability becomes extremely stressful. Nathan V’s was a very outgoing child verbally articulate and a†¦show more content†¦Nathan S’s face light up instantly finally understood that he was not broken just different. Learning disabilities are a life long struggle but if caught at a young age and early int ervention takes place. The stress on the child and family is greatly reduced. Learning disabilities spread to every part of a child’s life affecting them socially. Teachers must remain professional and refrain from calling students lazy as in Adams case. A good teacher or specialist can demystify a learning disability and help a child’sShow MoreRelatedMisunderstood Minds: ADHAD in College Students1434 Words   |  6 Pagesbehavior, make impulsive choices, and battle with another psychological disorder. The most common diagnosis paired with ADHD is depression, but more research needs to be done to confirm the correlation. As a society, it is important to keep an open mind and acknowledge that this is a disorder. These individuals cannot control the glitch in their brain, but they can only learn to live with it. ADHD is most often associated with school and learning situations. 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The Lilith in Dracula, Carmilla, Christabel, Geraldine...

The Lilith in Dracula, Carmilla, Christabel, Geraldine and The Hunger For centuries Lilith, the Queen of the Night, has been blamed when a child or man dies without certain cause or when a woman refuses to be submissive to her husband. While the Legend of Lilith is not widely known today, it is not difficult to find information about the demoness. However, there are slight variations found from story to story. Here we will focus on the myth as found in Hebrew mythology, and we will particularly emphasize the similarities seen between Lilith and various vampires seen in literature today. The Hebrew figure of Lilith was actually borrowed from Babylonian and Syrian myths. Lilitu was a Babylonian demon and a†¦show more content†¦At Adam’s request, God sent three angels, named Senoy, Sansenoy, and Semangelof, in search of Lilith to return her to the Garden of Eden. They found her in the company of demons near the Red Sea, but she refused to return to Adam. She was punished by God to give birth to thousands of deformed offspring, called lilim, a hundred of which would die per day. Upset by her punishment, she throws herself into the Red Sea. The three angels take pity on her and give her power over all newborn children. She has power of life or death over male children for eight days after which they are circumcised and over female children for twenty days. She was also given power over children born out of wedlock for an undetermined about of time. However, Lilith promised to spare children who had an amulet with the likeness and/or names of the angels in their rooms. Lilith is not mentioned by name in the Authorized Version of the Bible. In Isaiah 34:14, she is referenced only as a screech owl who rests among the wild beasts of the island. In the Revised Version, she is called the night-hag. She is also assumed to be the Queen of Sheba, Abraham’s concubine Hagar, and one of the two women seeking Solomon’s wisdom over the custody of an infant. It is also possible that she could be Zipporah , a winged and clawed creature, who was Moses’ first wife. The Gnostic Mandeans, who have their origin with John the Baptist, believe that Lilith was Zahriel, the daughter of

Ethics in Information Technology Philosophical Ethics

Questions: 1. Analyzing the ethical dilemma on artificial intelligence in Australian industries from the perspective of philosophical ethics. 2.Criticism of Moors Just-Consequential Framework with suitable examples.3.Comparison between IEEE and Australian Computer Society Answers: 1. The big-businesses of Australia have been embracing the AI or artificial intelligence. About two-third of them has been planning to replace the jobs or has already replaced them. The AI is that area of technology that includes intelligent machines working and reacting like the human beings. They are used for planning, problem solving and speech recognition (Burton et al., 2017). The research done by the technology consultant of Infosys has shown that large number of industries in Australia has been investing in AI on an average of eight million dollars or more per annum. In Australia, this technology has been helping in automatic ordering of driverless tractors at farms, delivering parcels, pharmaceuticals in hospitals and so on. The banks have been also utilizing it to forecast the reaction of the investors to the market shocks. The mining company has been using the predictive analysis in order to reduce the breakdown of machines and schedule maintenance. However, the firms has been also grappling regarding job security and technical skill shortages required to impose the new technology (Burton et al., 2016). Hence, the biggest problem for most of the companies going for AI has been the ethical ones. It deals with when and where it should be deployed and whether it has any impact on the humanity or not. The companies are also required to re-skill their empl oyees so that they could take part in the changing workplace. Despite all these, creation of machines incorporating the philosophical traditions of the world has not been easy. The potential dilemmas faced are that people might become unemployed due to the automation. The AI system helps the industries in becoming more efficient in production rather than replacing the employees. This has been proved by analysis and experiences that shows that it has been creating far more jobs than loosing (Singer, 2015). Another fear rose that people would get more spare times as desired. However, the difference between the leisure and work has become less evident as the tasks could be performed from anywhere in the world. The needs to stay competitive in the current market scenario have resulted in much more engagement of people than in the past. Though the AI has contributed to the continuous evolution of trends and technology, it could be also result in a hope at the same time. This hope has laid in the fact that the automated agents could take some of the jobs providing some spare time for the people. There has been a claim that the AI could be used for the tasks that are not needed and lead to destruction. Disclosures have shown that the government could leverage technology while fighting against terror and crime keeping the monitoring of the innocents at risks (Kernaghan, 2014). Again, many argue that the successful use of the technology might lead to human extinction. However, development of AI has not led to any global catastrophe so far. The AI has contributed to the continuous evolution of trends and technology. It could also result in positive hopes at the same time. The method how the AI is to be utilized does not lie on the development of its technology but on the intention of human beings. In case that it was not been developed there laid no guaranty that terrorism and destruction could be controlled. There is no further warranty that human beings would be able sustain a civilization with its ethical standards existing already without the AI. 2. James Moor was of the most renowned professor of philosophy at the Dartmouth College. His reasoning has been that the computers could be shaped to perform any task. It might include those which were not been thought of also. Moor claimed the ethics of computer and information along with other areas of applied ethics require some theories. These theories must coherently unify the consequentialist and deontological aspects for the analysis of ethics (Kimppa, Heimo Harviainen, 2016). The consequentialist theory, as proposed by Moor, has emphasized on the outcomes of policies under the compulsion of justice. Thus the consequentialism was transformed into both sounding theoretical and practical approaches to the problems of ethics of information and computers. The primary features in the framework of Moor comprises of: Deliberating over different policies from any neutral perspective in determining the criteria for meeting the ethical policies. A policy can be considered ethical if it has: Not been doing any unnecessary harms to people and groups Supporting the rights of individual, fulfilling duties and so on. Selecting the most relevant policy from the collection of policies arrived lately at the deliberation stage. It should be done by ranking the policies of ethics regarding the justifiable harms and advantages. However, it must be ensured that: Careful weighing has been done between the desired and worst outcomes in the policies of ethics Distinguishing between the disagreements about the values or principles and facts are done while deciding about the adoption of specific ethical policies (Eggleston, 2013). Thus it is seen that Moor has indicated the evolution of proper habits of the characters like truthfulness, helpfulness, honesty, justice, generosity, kindness and trustworthiness. These elements have been significant prerequisite to behave morally. Hence, in this example, if someone has not developed this, it might become tough for that person to carry out the successful steps in the consequentialist model of Moor. For such case, the elements of character based or virtue ethics has been also presupposed to be imposed in Moors framework (Hammond, 2016). As claimed by Moor, rational discussion on relevant policies has not been impossible and desirable highly, despite of disagreeing on the abilities of various polices. Moor has shown that the disagreement mainly hinges on the distinction between the facts on the case rather than that on the difference in values. In another example, the disagreement as proposed by Moor might radically change most of the debate about the necessity of securing MP3 files (Grant, 2016). Let the fact of downloading of MP3 file for previewing them, be taken. Here, the downloading has increased the sales dramatically along with declining the quality of the produced music. Thus by permitting the assessment of duties, rights and consequences, one could definitely reach at the clear idea of moral implications. Despite this, the method might leave a compelling unclear area. This is because of the difference between person to person in valuation of the duties, rights and consequences. Hence, the idea received by considering that issues from every angle has been worth the cloudy area. 3. For comparing and contrasting two professional bodies of computing the Australian Computer Society or ACS and the Association for Computing Machinery or ACM are taken. Both the Codes of Ethics has possessed a strong concentration on the ethical role throughout the profession. They both link with the owners responsibilities especially at whatever platform they have been manifested. For example the actor requires internalizing the mentioned perspective of owner. The grammatical role named Who of the information security has been represented effectively. This is done in the 3 ethical codes by aspirations such as deontology, virtue ethics and teleology. In both the cases the mentioned virtues has not been spelt out in codes usually (Aris et al., 2015). However, this could be extrapolated from the specified. The differences of the two ethics of code are shown according to the grammatical heading with its perspective. WHO: This relate to the integrity in relationship to the ultimate aim of leadership of business and the stakeholders responsibilities. In the ACM the aspect has been to contribute to the well-being of people and society. Here protection of the primary human rights and respect to the diversity of every culture is done. The minimization of the threats to the security and health are done. For ACS, the upholding and advancing the effectiveness, dignity and honor of the role of Information Technology is meant. This is done by sustaining the high levels of ethical conduct and competence. The integrity of the responsibilities is also maintained (Clarke, 2016). WHAT: It relate to the stakeholders in the hope to influence a highlighted computer project. The ACM articulates and supports policies supporting the users dignity and other areas harmed by the computer system. In ACS, the moral has been to act with professional roles and integrity while dealing with the employers, clients and employees. WHEN: It relate to the culture of work and relationship with stakeholders. The ACM refers to the respect to others and virtues of same justice (Tang, 2017). The ACS makes in taking the oath to attempt for developing the feelings towards personal competence and satisfaction. One must further not go for enhancing individual reputation in exchange of others reputations. WHY: This relate to the stakeholders in an atmosphere to change specially for those who have been obstructive. The ACM leads to involvement in specific training programs which need discipline but should not be very explicit. The ACS forces to keep professional distance from anyone whose Society membership has been closed due to the unsatisfactory conduct or unethical behavior. WHERE: It regards the needs of habitat and the quality of environment. ACM believes that the well being for human beings include a secured natural environment (Pearce, 2015). As a result of this, the professionals of computers developing and designing systems should remain alert of the potential harms to the global and local environments. They should further avoid harming others including the unwanted environmental impacts. For ACS, the conscientious objections could include imposition of the tasks of information technology on the ambience. From the above comparisons it was seen that the key aspects of difference between the ACS and ACM are found. The ACM has been consisting of the section on environment and incriminating. The ACS on the other hand has been devoid of it. References: Aris, A., Kassim, J. M., Ishak, H. Y., Salim, J., Noah, S. A. M. (2015). A Framework for Ontology Development of Information and Communication Technology Experts Using Thesaurus, Association for Computing Machinery Taxonomy and Domain Experts Approaches.Asia-Pacific Journal of Information Technology and Multimedia,4(2). Burton, E., Goldsmith, J., Mattei, N. (2016, March). Using The Machine Stops for Teaching Ethics in Artificial Intelligence and Computer Science. InWorkshops at the Thirtieth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence. Burton, E., Goldsmith, J., Koenig, S., Kuipers, B., Mattei, N., Walsh, T. (2017). Ethical Considerations in Artificial Intelligence Courses.arXiv preprint arXiv:1701.07769. Clarke, R. (2016). Big data, big risks.Information Systems Journal,26(1), 77-90. Eggleston, B. (2013). Rejecting the publicity condition: The inevitability of esoteric morality.The Philosophical Quarterly,63(250), 29-57. Grant, C. (2016). Improving Business and ICT Ethics Educationthe Potential of Positive Psychology and Appreciative Inquiry. Hammond, P. J. (2016). 4 On Reconciling Arrows Theory of Social Choice with Harsanyi's.Arrow and the Foundations of the Theory of Economic Policy, 179. Kernaghan, K. (2014). Digital dilemmas: Values, ethics and information technology.Canadian Public Administration,57(2), 295-317. Kimppa, K. K., Heimo, O. I., Harviainen, J. T. (2016). First dose is always freemium.ACM SIGCAS Computers and Society,45(3), 132-137. Pearce, A. (2015). Adrian Pearce's Home Page, Department of Computing and Information Systems, The University of Melbourne. Singer, A. E. (2015). Corporate moral agency and artificial intelligence. InHuman Rights and Ethics: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications(pp. 505-517). IGI Global. Tang, C. (2017). Community College Corner Community colleges in the United States and around the world.ACM Inroads,8(1), 21-23.